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Chapter 2 : The Nationalist Movement In Indo-China
Facts That Matter
Although Vietnam attained nominal independence in 1945, preceding India, it took nearly three decades to establish itself as a Republic.
Nationalism began to rise during the colonial period in Indo-China.
Emerging From The Shadow Of China
Indo-China refers to the region that encompasses present-day Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia.
Colonial Domination And Resistance
French colonial rule in Vietnam sparked widespread conflict between the Vietnamese people and their colonizers in nearly every aspect of life.
French forces entered Vietnam in 1858 and established control over the northern region by the mid-1880s.
After the Franco-Chinese War, France annexed Tonkin and Annam, leading to the establishment of French Indo-China in 1887.
Gradually, nationalist resistance began to emerge among the Vietnamese people.
Why The French Thought Colonies Necessary
Colonies were deemed essential for supplying natural resources and other necessities. France believed it was the duty of European nations to bring the benefits of civilization to less developed societies.
To expand their territory, the French undertook the construction of canals and the drainage of land in the Mekong Delta to boost agriculture. They also initiated the development of a trans-Indo-China railway network connecting northern and southern Vietnam.
Additionally, the French built another railway linking Vietnam to Siam (modern-day Thailand) via Phnom Penh, the capital of Cambodia.
The Dilemma Of Colonial Education
French colonial expansion was driven by the idea of a 'civilizing mission.' Similar to the British in India, the French aimed to introduce modern civilization to Vietnam. They sought to suppress indigenous cultures, traditions, and beliefs while focusing on educating the "natives" as part of their effort to civilize them.
Taking Modern
The French were confronted with another educational problem. In Vietnam, the elites were inspired by Chinese culture. To counter Chinese influence, the French built French-language schools for Vietnamese children. Vietnamese will be taught in lower grades, whereas French will be taught in upper grades.
School texts extolled the virtues of the French and justified colonial control, while portraying the Vietnamese as primitive and backward, capable only of physical labour. Children were taught at school that only French control could secure Vietnam's peace.
Should Colonies Be Developed?
Paul Bernard, a writer and politician, believed that the economies of the colonies required significant development.
In colonial Vietnam, the economy was heavily focused on rice cultivation and rubber plantations, relying extensively on the exploitation of indentured Vietnamese labor.
Looking Modern
The Tonkin Free School was founded in 1907 to offer Vietnamese students with a western-style education. Numerous Vietnamese instructors and students spoke out.
Resistance In Schools
In 1926, a significant controversy erupted at the Saigon Native Girls' School when a Vietnamese girl sitting in a front seat refused to give up her seat for a local French student, as requested.
During the colonial era, students resisted the colonial government's efforts to exclude Vietnamese people from white-collar jobs. As a result, schools became central to political and cultural struggles.
Hygiene, Disease And Everyday Resistance
In several other institutions, the colonists expressed their rage against the colonisers in a variety of ways.
Plague Strikes Hanoi
When the French went on rebuilding modern Vietnam, they chose Hanoi as their starting point. In 1903, the present section of Hanoi was infected with bubonic plague.
The French section of Hanoi was designed as a clean city with a well-developed sewer system, but the 'native quarter' lacked contemporary facilities.
The enormous sewers in the modern section of the city offered an excellent and protected breeding ground for rats.
Religion And Anti-Colonialism
Religion played a crucial role in uniting the Vietnamese people against colonial rule. Vietnam's religious landscape was a blend of Buddhism, Confucianism, and local traditions. French missionaries introduced Christianity and sought to convert the Vietnamese population.
The Scholars' Revolt began in 1868 as a response to French rule and the spread of Christianity. Led by imperial court officials, it was fueled by anger over the growing influence of Catholicism and French interference.
In 1939, the Hoa Hao Movement was founded by Huynh Phu So in the fertile Mekong Delta region.
The Vision Of Modernisation
1. Resistance against French dominance in the late nineteenth century was often led by Confucian scholar- activists.
2. Phan Boi Chau (1867-1940) was a pivotal player in the anti-colonial resistance movement from the moment he founded the Revolutionary Society (Duy Tan Hoi) in 1903 under the leadership of Prince Cuong De.
3. Phan Chu Trinh (1871-1926) was not the same as Phan Boi Chau. He was opposed to the notion of opposing the French with the assistance of the court.
Other Ways Of Becoming Modern: Japan And China
The 'Go East Movement' gained popularity throughout the first decade of the twentieth century. Between 1907 and 1908, over 300 Vietnamese students travelled to Japan to get a modern education.
In 1911, Vietnamese nationalists overthrew China's emperor and founded a republic. These students formed a chapter of the Restoration Society in Tokyo to achieve the same goal, but they were deported and sent back to China and Thailand.
The Rat Hunt
In 1902, a rat hunt was initiated by the French, who employed Vietnamese laborers and paid them for each rat they captured. Thousands of rats were trapped.
The reward was given when a rat's tail was presented as proof of capture. Some individuals even began breeding rats to collect the bounty.
These actions by the rat-catchers highlight the numerous small ways in which colonialism was resisted in everyday life.
The Communist Movement And Vietnamese Nationalism
1. The Great Depression of the 1930s had a profound effect on Vietnam.
2. Ho Chi Minh was elected Chairman of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.
3. In 1940, Japan invaded Vietnam in order to gain control of Southeast Asia.
The Entry Of The US Into The War
US involvement in the war had a detrimental effect on both the Vietnamese and the Americans. The conflict had an influence on the United States as well. The poor working class youth were enraged at being forced to serve in the armed forces.
The Ho Chi Minh Trail
The Ho Chi Minh Trail tells the story of how the Vietnamese maximized their limited resources during the war against the United States. The majority of the trail ran through neighboring Laos, Cambodia, and South Vietnam.
Despite frequent attempts by the US to bomb the trail, they were unsuccessful, as it was quickly repaired each time.
The New Republic Of Vietnam
The new republic encountered a lot of difficulties. The French attempted to reclaim authority by using the emperor, Bao Dai, as a puppet. They succeeded in driving Vietminh into the hills.
Soon after, the Bao Dai administration was deposed in a coup headed by Ngo Dinh Diem. The National Liberation Front (NLF) fought for the country's unity with the assistance of the Ho Chi Minh government in the north.
The Nation And Its Heroes
Vietnamese women played a vital role in the anti-imperialist movement. They served as warriors and laborers, supporting the cause in various ways. They helped care for the wounded, assisted in building underground rooms and tunnels, and actively fought against the enemy.
Women As Rebels
As the nationalist movement expanded, a new vision of womanhood emerged. Writers and political theorists began to romanticize women who challenged societal norms.
Women As Warriors
In the 1960s, women were represented in magazines and journals as youthful, brave, and determined. They enlisted in the army and gained the ability to carry a rifle.
Women In Times Of Peace
By the 1970s, as the peace process advanced, the concept of women as laborers gained prominence. Instead of fighting, they contributed by working in agricultural cooperatives, factories, and manufacturing.
Heroes Of Past Times
Historically, rebel women were also praised. Phan Soi Chau, a nationalist, composed a drama in 1913 based on the life of the Trung sisters, who struggled against Chinese dominance.
He portrayed these sisters as patriots trying to liberate the Vietnamese country from the Chinese in this drama.
The End Of The War
A peace settlement was signed in Paris in 1974, ending the War with the US, although fighting between the Saigon administration and the NLF continued. In 1975, the NLF captured Saigon's presidential palace and united Vietnam.
CBSE Class 10 History notes Chapter 2 - The Nationalist Movement in Indo-China are one of the most effective strategies to study for the test. CBSE Class 10 History notes are simply written by subject experts to make sure that students understand each idea easily and remember it for a longer period of time.
CBSE NCERT Solved Question Answer CBSE Class 10 History Chapter 02
1. Which country provided support to the Vietnamese nationalist movement during the Vietnam War?
a. United States
b. China
c. Soviet Union
d. France
Answer: c. Soviet Union
2. What was the name of the political party founded by Ho Chi Minh in 1930?
a. Democratic Party of Vietnam
b. Communist Party of Vietnam
c. Nationalist Party of Vietnam
d. Socialist Party of Vietnam
Answer: b. Communist Party of Vietnam
3. What was the name of the Vietnamese nationalist organization founded in 1941?
a. Viet Cong
b. Viet Minh
c. National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam
d. Khmer Rouge
Answer: b. Viet Minh
4. Which of the following countries controlled Cambodia in the 19th century?
a. China
b. Thailand
c. France
d. United States
Answer: b. Thailand
5. Who was the founder of the Cambodian nationalist movement?
a. Ho Chi Minh
b. Norodom Sihanouk
c. Son Ngoc Thanh
d. Pol Pot
Answer: c. Son Ngoc Thanh
6. Who was the leader of the Laotian nationalist movement?
a. Prince Phetsarath
b. Kaysone Phomvihane
c. Pathet Lao
d. Thak Chaloemtiarana
Answer: a. Prince Phetsarath
7. In Indo-China who was referred to as ‘Colon’ ?
(a) The Vietnamese who could speak French.
(b) The French citizens living in Vietnam.
(c) Residents of a colony.
(d) Colonised part of Indo-China.
Answer: b
8. Which treaty recognised French sovereignty over Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos?
a. Treaty of Paris
b. Treaty of Tordesillas
c. Treaty of Versailles
d. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Answer: a. Treaty of Paris
10. Which of the following was a key demand of the Vietnamese nationalist movement?
a. Independence from France
b. Reunification with China
c. Establishment of a communist government
d. Creation of a constitutional monarchy
Answer: a. Independence from France
11. What was the name of the event that led to the French withdrawal from Vietnam?
a. Battle of Dien Bien Phu
b. Tet Offensive
c. Gulf of Tonkin Incident
d. My Lai Massacre
Answer: a. Battle of Dien Bien Phu
12. Who was the founder of the Vietnamese nationalist movement?
a. Ho Chi Minh
b. Ngo Dinh Diem
c. Phan Boi Chau
d. Nguyen Tat Thanh
Answer: c. Phan Boi Chau
13. Which of the following was the most visible form of French control of Vietnam?
(a) Cultural domination
(b) Military and economic control
(c) Industrial development
(d) Religious domination
Answer: b
14. What was the name of the French governor-general who tried to suppress the Vietnamese nationalist movement?
a. Henri Rivière
b. Paul Doumer
c. Jean Decoux
d. Jules Ferry
Answer: b. Paul Doumer
15. Who among the following was the founder of ‘Hoa Hoa Movement in Vietnam’. [AI 2012]
(a) Phan Chu Trinh
(b) Liang Qichao
(c) Phan Boi Chau
(d) Huynh Phu So
Answer: d
16. Who was the leader of the Khmer Rouge?
a. Pol Pot
b. Norodom Sihanouk
c. Lon Nol
d. Hun Sen
Answer: a. Pol Pot
17. Which society did Phan Boi Chau form?
(a) Hoa Hao
(b) Revolutionary Society
(c) Carbonari
(d) Party of Young Annan
Answer: b
18. In which famous battle were the French defeated ?
(a) Dien Bien Phu
(b) HaTinh
(c) Nghe An
(d) Phan Boi
Answer: a
19. Which of the following countries did not experience a nationalist movement in the 19th century?
a. India
b. China
c. Japan
d. Vietnam
Answer: c. Japan
20. What was the name of the organisation founded by Sun Yat-sen to overthrow the Qing Dynasty in China?
a. Chinese Communist Party
b. Kuomintang
c. Boxer Rebellion
d. Taiping Rebellion
Answer: b. Kuomintang
21. Which of the following countries controlled Laos in the 19th century?
a. China
b. Thailand
c. France
d. United States
Answer: b. Thailand
22. Why was the Tonkin Free School started in 1907 in Vietnam? [AI 2012]
(a) To provide modern education.
(b) To provide western-style education.
(c) To provide education to Vietnamese only.
Answer: b
23. When and where was the Peace Settlement signed to end the conflict between Vietnam and the USA ?
(a) 1970 — in New York
(b) 1972 — in Saigon
(c) 1973 — in Hanoi
(d) 1974 — in Paris
Answer: d
24. Which one of the following was NOT an impact of the Great Depression of 1930’s on Vietnam? [Delhi 2011]
(a) Vietnam was occupied by Japan.
(b) The price of rice and rubber fell.
(c) There was an increase in unemployment.
(d) There were rural uprisings.
Answer: a
25. Which one of the following was an impact of the Great Depression of 1930s on Vietnam? [AI 2011]
(a) Japan defeated and occupied Vietnam.
(b) Price of rice and rubber increased.
(c) There was a decrease in unemployment.
(d) There were uprisings in rural areas.
Answer: a
26. Which one of the following statements is not true about the Trung sisters of Vietnam? [AI 2011]
(a) The Trung sisters fought against French domination.
(b) They fought against Chinese domination.
(c) Phan Boi Chau wrote a play on the lives of the Trung sisters.
(d) They chose death over surrender to enemies.
Answer: c
27. Which one of the following is true about Phan Chu Trinh? [Foreign 2011]
(a) He was educated in the Confucian tradition.
(b) He was influenced by Liang Qichao.
(c) He wrote the book, ‘The History of the Loss of Vietnam’.
(d) He wanted Vietnam to be a democratic republic.
Answer: d
28. Which European country colonised Vietnam?
(a) France
(b) Germany
(c) Switzerland
(d) England
Answer: a
29. In which of the following areas of Vietnam did the French build a canal to increase the cultivation for export?
(a) in Hanoi
(b) in Laos
(c) in the region of Mekong delta
(d) in the region of South Vietnam
Answer: c
30. At which of the following places were the French finally defeated by the Vietnamese in 1954?
(a) Tonkin
(b) Dien Bien Phu
(c) Hanoi
(d) Saigon
Answer: b
31. By which of the following persons was the Vietnamese Communist Party established in 1930?
(a) Ngo Dinh Diem
(b) Bao Dai
(c) Sun Yat-Sen
(d) Ho Chi Minh
Answer: d
32. What does NLF stand for?
(a) National Liberation Force
(b) National Liberation Front
(c) National Land Force
(d) National Legal Foundation
Answer : b
33. What is referred to as the Ho Chi Minh Trail ?
(a) A long road made by Ho Chi Minh.
(b) A road which connected Eastern Vietnam with Western Vietnam.
(c) An immense network of roads made to transport men and material from North to South.
(d) A trail made in Vietnam for rock climbing.
Answer: c
34. Which of the following was the most important cause of colonisation of Vietnamese by the French ?
(a) Need for surplus-labor.
(b) Need for French industrial goods.
(c) Need for land for housing.
(d) Need for constant supply of raw materials.
Answer: d
35. Which of the following best explain civilizing mission?
(a) A belief that the Europeans are the most superior and has a duty to civilize the natives of colonies.
(b) A mission sent from Europe to spread Christianity among the natives.
(c) A mission to destroy culture of the natives.
Answer: a
36. The Trung sisters were well-known in Vietnamese history because
(a) They were saintly and beautiful.
(b) They ruled Vietnam between BC 39 – BC 43.
(c) They were patriots who fought to save Vietnam from the Chinese attack.
(d) They were well-known poets of ancient Vietnam.
Answer: c
37. Why did the French followed a deliberate policy of failing the Vietnamese students in the final year ?
(a) So that the Vietnamese could not qualify for better paid jobs.
(b) Because the students were not intelligent enough to pass.
(c) Because the Vietnamese could not grasp the French language well.
Answer: a
38. In 1926 why was there a major protest movement in Saigon Native School?
(a) The girls were ordered to cut their hair short.
(b) Many girls were made to fail in the examination.
(c) A Vietnamese girl sitting in the front was asked to move to the back seat.
(d) The Vietnamese girls were inspired to protest against the school authorities.
Answer: c
39. What kind of party was the party of Young Annan, set up in 1920 ?
(a) A political party
(b) A social activist party
(c) A religious party
(d) A reformist party
Answer: a
40. Which of the following statements best explains syncretic tradition ?
(a) An ancient tradition
(b) A modern tradition
(c) A tradition that combines Buddhism with local beliefs
(d) A tradition that reflects only the local beliefs.
Answer: c
41. By whom was the Democratic Republic of Vietnam formed?
(a) Ho Chi Minh
(b) Bao Dai
(c) Phan Boi Chau
(d) Ngo Dinh Diem
Answer: a
42. Indentured labour referred to
(a) slave labour.
(b) labour of the colonies.
(c) contracted labour of plantations.
(d) bonded labour
Answer: c
43. Which of the following movements started in Vietnam in 1868 against the spread of Christianity by the French?
(a) The Scholars Revolt
(b) The Hoa Hao Movement
(c) Go East Movement
(d) The Liberation Movement
Answer: a
44. According to the French the best way to civilize the natives was
(a) to introduce agriculture
(b) to develop industries
(c) to introduce western education among the natives
(d) to introduce religious reforms
Answer: c
45. With what main aim did the French introduce the French language as a medium of instruction ?
(a) The educated Vietnamese would be able to handle office work better.
(b) The French believed that educated in French, the Vietnamese would respect French sentiments.
(c) They believed that educated Vietnamese would become French teachers.
(d) None of the above.
Answer: b
46. Why did America decide to intervene in Vietnamese Civil War?
(a) America wanted to occupy Vietnamese territories.
(b) America wanted to check the spread of communism by destroying the communist Vietnamese government.
(c) America wanted to help Ngo Dinh Diem, the autocratic ruler of South Vietnam.
(d) America wanted to control the natural resources of Vietnam.
Answer: b
47. By which country was the ‘Domino Effect’ theory advocated?
(a) Japan
(b) America
(c) China
(d) France
Answer: b
48. In 1603 why did the rat hunt begin in Vietnam?
(a) the rats spoil food grains.
(b) people were unable to control the breeding of rats.
(c) rats began to enter the homes of well-cared.
(d) the rat carried the germs of bubonic plague.
Answer: d
Descriptive Questions:
Q 1) With reference to what you have read in this chapter, discuss the influence of China on Vietnam's culture and life.
Answer :
Vietnam was a part of the powerful empire of China. Even when an independent country was established, its rulers continued to maintain the Chinese system of government as well as Chinese culture.
• The elites in Vietnam were educated in Chinese and Confucianism. A Vietnamese nationalist, Phan Boi Chau’s most influential book, 'The History of the Loss of Vietnam' was written under the strong influence and advice of Chinese reformer Qichao.
• In 1911, the monarchy in China was overthrown and a Republic was set up. This inspired Vietnamese students and they organised the Association for the Restoration of Vietnam.
Q 2) What was the role of women in the anti-imperial struggle in Vietnam? Compare this with the role of women in the nationalist struggle in India.
Answer:
The role of women in the anti-imperial struggle in Vietnam was very important. Firstly, they rebelled against social conventions which led to the emergence of a new woman in Vietnamese society. The women irrespective of age started working selflessly and fighting to save the country. They joined the resistance movement against imperialist powers. They helped in nursing the wounded and constructing underground rooms and tunnels. They served as porters on the Ho Chi Minh trail.
The women participated in large scale in the nationalist struggle in India. They participated in protest marches and picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops. Many went to jail. They began to see service to the nation as a sacred duty of women. However, their role was not very dynamic and did not hold any position of authority.
Q 3). Describe The Ideas Behind The Tonkin Free School. To What Extent Was It A Typical Example Of Colonial Ideas In Vietnam? [CBSE 2009 (F), 2013 (O)]
Answer:
1. Tonkin Free School opened in 1907 with the goal of giving students an education like those in the West.
2. Some of the subjects taught at this school were science, hygiene, and French.
3. According to the school's philosophy, it wasn't enough for Vietnamese students to learn science and western ideas; they also had to look modern.
4. Students were told to follow western fashion trends, such as getting short haircuts.
It was a classic example of colonial beliefs in Vietnam because the school encouraged students to follow western trends like short haircuts, which were very different from their traditional long hairstyles. There was also a "haircutting chant" to show how important it was to change completely.
Q 4)
(a) What was meant by the 'civilising mission' of the colonisers?
(b) Huynh Phu So.
Answer:
• The French, like the British in India, said they were giving the Vietnamese a modern way of life. They thought that Europe was the most advanced civilization. Because of this, it fell to the Europeans to bring modern ideas to their colonies.
They were the ones who started schools like we know them today.
Tonkin Free Schools were set up to offer a modern education.
Motive: The true motivation for this action was to exploit Vietnam's natural and human resources.
Huynh Fhu One of them was a Buddhist scholar from the delta of the Mekong River.
His role in making people feel anti-imperialist:
• Founder of Hoa Hao Movement: Huynh Phu started the Hoa Hao Movement, which was based on religious ideas that were common in anti-French uprisings in the 1800s.
Social reformer: He spoke out against the sale of child brides, gambling, and drinking alcohol and opium.
Struggle against foreign rule: When Huynh Phu So started spreading his religious ideas, he ran into a lot of trouble because most of the people who supported him were Vietnamese nationalists. The colonial government said he was crazy and put him in a mental hospital. They called him the Mad Bonze. The French government sent many of his supporters to prison camps, and they sent him to Laos.
Q 5) How was the idea of “looking modem” implemented in Tonkin Free School ? Explain. [CBSE 2012]
Answer:
1. Students were suggested to adopt the Western-style of education.
2. This education included classes in science, hygiene, and French.
3. Traditionally, Vietnamese youths kept long hair. They were asked to cut their hair short.
4. These schools encouraged students to wear western clothes to play western games.
5. French promoted the youths to study Western customs.
Q 6) What was the role of religious groups in the development of anti-colonial feelings in Vietnam?
Answer :
Religion had always played a pivotal role in the lives of people in Vietnam. Vietnam's religious beliefs were a mix of Buddhism, Confucianism and local customs. Christianity, introduced by French missionaries wanted to correct the beliefs of the Vietnamese regarding supernatural powers.
In 1868, the Scholars Revolt was led by officials at the imperial court angered by the spread of Catholicism and French power. However, the French crushed the movement but this uprising served to inspire other patriots to rise up against them.
• The Hoa Hoa movement in 1939 gained great popularity in the fertile Mekong delta area which drew on religious ideas popular in anti-French uprisings of the nineteenth century. The French tried to suppress the movement inspired by Huynh Phu and declared him mad. Finally, the French authorities exiled him to Laos and sent many of his followers to concentration camps.
Political parties often drew upon their support from these movements. Thus, these religious movements were successful in gaining the support of anti-colonial feelings in Vietnam.
Q 7) What Was Phan Chu Trinh's Objective For Vietnam? How Were His Ideas Different From Those Of Phan Boi Chau? [CBSE March 2011]
Answer:
1. Phan Chu Trinh's goal for Vietnam was to create a democratic republic.
2. He was an outspoken opponent of the monarchy and didn't like the idea of using the court to fight the French.
3. He agreed with the French revolutionary goal of freedom, but he scolded them for not being able to live up to it.
4. He asked the French to set up legal and educational institutions, as well as to develop the agricultural and industrial sectors.
5. The ideas of Confucian scholar and activist Phan Boi Chau are different from those of Phan Chu Trinh in the following ways:
Phan Boi Chau
1. He said that the foreign enemy should be thrown out first, and then other things could be thought about.
2. He thought that the monarchy should be used to help them get what they wanted.
3. He didn't want people to be trained to overthrow the monarchy.
Phan Chu Trinh
1. He wanted to get rid of the monarchy so that the rights of the people could move forward.
2. He was very vocal about his opposition to monarchy. He did not like the idea of using the court to fight against the French. He wanted a democratic republic to be set up. He was very influenced by the democratic ideas of the West. He agreed with the new idea of freedom in France and asked the French to set up legal and educational institutions and grow agriculture and industry.
3. He wanted to get the people to rise up against the monarchy.
Because of this, Phan Boi Chau and Phan Chu Trinh had very different ideas about Vietnamese independence and other things. They both wanted the same thing, but they went about it in very different ways.
Q 8) Explain the causes of the US involvement in the war in Vietnam. What effect did this involvement have on life within the US itself?
Answer:
The US got involved in the war in Vietnam because it was worried about communists gaining power as National Liberation Front and Ho Chi Minh government in the north made alliance against Ngo Dinh Diem's regime in the south. US policy-planners also feared that it would start a domino effect means communist governments would be established in other countries in the area. Thus, it decided to intervene decisively, sending in troops and arms.
The effect of the US involvement in the war was felt within the US as well as many saw this war not worthy. When the youth were prepared for the war, the anger spread. Only university graduates were exempt from compulsory service in the army which caused even more anger amongst the minorities and working-class families.
Q 9) Write an evaluation of the Vietnamese war against the US from the point of
(a) a porter on the Ho Chi Minh trail.
(b) a woman soldier.
Answer:
a) The porters set out without fear on the Ho Chi Minh Trail which was a great expansive network of roads and footpaths. The heroic porters carried as much as 25 kg to 70 kg of weight on their backs or bicycles. They did not fear that they might fall over in the deep valleys. They bravely walked on the narrow, dangerous roads that marked the treacherous routes. They also did not feel afraid of being shot down by aircraft guns. They put all their fears aside and walked on to maintain the supply line. This fact showed that the porters were heroic and patriotic.
b) The Vietnamese women played an important role in the US-Vietnam War. They were both warriors and workers. As warriors and soldiers, the Vietnamese women constructed six airstrips, they neutralised thousands of bombs and went on to shoot down fifteen planes. There were 1.5 million Vietnamese women in the regular army, the militia, the local forces and professional teams. The women workers were also engaged as porters, nurses and construction workers.
Q 10) Explain the reasons for the French Colonisers to scrap the bounty programme for rat hunting in 1902-03. [CBSE 2014]
Or
What was the purpose to start the ‘Rat Hunt’ programme by the French in Vietnam in 1902? How the purpose got defeated?[CBSE 2012]
Or
Describe the ‘Rat Hunt’ activity introduced by the French in Vietnam. [CBSE 2015 (O)]
Answer:
(1)
The modern part of Hanoi was struck by bubonic plague. To fight the plague, French started Rat Hunt programme in 1902.
The people were paid for each rat they hunted.
(2)
The purpose of rat hunt was finally defeated.
The French hired Vietnamese workers to catch the rats and paid them for the same. This proved a failed attempt.
Vietnamese befooled the government by just showing the tail and allowing the rate to go free.
They took it as a way to earn a profit. Defeated by the resistance of the weak, the French were forced to scrap the bounty programme.
Q 11) How did the long war between the US and Vietnam come to an end ? Describe. [CBSE2012]
Answer.
The US failed to achieve its objective. Vietnam’s resistance could not be crushed.
It proved costly to the US. There were high casualties on the US side.
It was the first war shown on television. Battles were shown on the daily news world over.
People were disillusioned with the US and its policy of war was criticized.
Widespread questioning of government policy strengthened moves to end the war. Finally, a peace treaty was signed in Paris in January 1974.
Q 12) To counter the Chinese influence what steps did the French take in the sphere of education? What were the two broad opinions on this question? [CBSE 2012]
Answer:
(1) To counter Chinese influence, the French took the following steps:
They dismantled the traditional education system of Vietnam.
They established French school of Vietnamese.
They propagated Western culture among Vietnamese youths.
The few who learnt French and acquired French culture were to be rewarded with French citizenship.
(2) Two broad opinions:
Some emphasized the need to use the French language as medium of instruction.
Others were opposed to French being the only medium of instruction. They suggested French to be taught in higher classes and Vietnamese in lower classes.
Q 13) How did the textbooks represent Vietnamese during the period of French colonization? Explain. [CBSE 2014]
Answer:
School textbooks glorified the French and justified colonial rule while Vietnamese were represented as primitive and backward.
They were capable of manual labour but not of intellectual reflection.
They could work in the fields but not rule themselves.
They were ‘skilled copyists’ but not creative.
School children were told that only French rule could ensure peace in Vietnam. Since the establishment of French rule, the Vietnamese peasant no longer lives in constant terror of pirates.
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